References
Key papers and guidelines on left ventricular mass scaling methods used in this application.
Scaling Theory
These papers discuss the theoretical basis for different scaling approaches and their implications for cardiac assessment.
Dewey FE, Rosenthal D, Murphy DJ Jr, Froelicher VF, Ashley EA. (2008)
Does size matter? Clinical applications of scaling cardiac size and function for body size
Circulation. 117(17):2279-87.
A comprehensive review of theoretical and practical aspects of cardiac scaling, addressing ratiometric versus allometric approaches and the importance of appropriate scaling in clinical practice.
LV Mass & Wall Thickness Reference Values
These publications establish reference values for indexed LV mass using various scaling methods.
Poppe KK, et al. and the Echocardiographic Normal Ranges Meta-Analysis of the Left Heart Collaboration. (2015)
Ethnic-Specific Normative Reference Values for Echocardiographic LA and LV Size, LV Mass, and Systolic Function: The EchoNoRMAL Study.
JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. Jun;8(6).
Meta-analysis of echocardiographic data from multiple and geographically diverse population studies.
Lee L, et al. and the WASE Study Investigators (2023)
Normal Values of Left Ventricular Mass by Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Echocardiography: Results from the World Alliance Societies of Echocardiography Normal Values Study.
J Am Soc Echocardiogr. May;36(5).
A large, multi-national study providing reference values for LV mass with a focus on the impact of sex, age, and race.
Singh M, Sethi A, Mishra AK, Subrayappa NK, Stapleton DD, Pellikka PA. (2020)
Echocardiographic Imaging Challenges in Obesity: Guideline Recommendations and Limitations of Adjusting to Body Size.
J Am Heart Assoc.. Jan 21;9(2):e014609..
A review of echocardiographic challenges in obesity, discussing the limitations of current scaling methods and the need for improved reference values.
Chirinos JA, Segers P, De Buyzere ML, et al. (2010)
Left Ventricular Mass Allometric Scaling, Normative Values, Effect of Obesity, and Prognostic Performance
Hypertension. .
This study explores allometric scaling of LV mass with different body size parameters, focusing on weight^0.9 and height^1.7 as alternatives to BSA. Introduces allometric exponents derived from a population-based approach and evaluates their diagnostic performance.
Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, et al. (2015)
Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults
J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 28(1).
ASE/EACVI guidelines establishing reference values for chamber quantification, including LV mass indexed to BSA. Widely used as the standard reference in clinical practice.
Strom JB, Mukherjee M, Beussink-Nelson L, et al. (2024)
Reference Values for Indexed Echocardiographic Chamber Sizes in Older Adults: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
J Am Heart Assoc. 13.
Recent study providing age-specific reference values for indexed cardiac chamber sizes in older adults, using multiple indexing methods (BSA, height, height^1.6, height^2.7).
Kuznetsova T, Haddad F, Tikhonoff V, et al. (2016)
Impact and pitfalls of scaling of left ventricular and atrial structure in population-based studies
Journal of Hypertension. 34(6).
Study examining the effects of different scaling methods on LV mass normalization and reporting reference values for BSA, BSA^1.8, LBM, height^2.7, and height^1.7 indexing.
Asch FM, Miyoshi T, Addetia K, et al. (2019)
Similarities and Differences in Left Ventricular Size and Function among Races and Nationalities: Results of the World Alliance Societies of Echocardiography Normal Values Study
J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 32(11).
The WASE study, providing ethnicity-specific reference values for LV mass and other cardiac parameters from a large, multi-national cohort representing diverse populations.
Harkness A, Ring L, Augustine DX, Oxborough D, Robinson S, Sharma V; Education Committee of the British Society of Echocardiography. (2020)
Normal Reference Intervals for Cardiac Dimensions and Function for Use in Echocardiographic Practice: A Guideline from the British Society of Echocardiography
Echo Res Pract. 7(1).
British Society of Echocardiography guidelines providing reference ranges for cardiac measurements, including BSA-indexed LV mass.
Oxborough, D., McDerment, D., George, K.P. et al. (2024)
Allometric scaling for left ventricular mass and geometry in male and female athletes of mixed and endurance sports.
Echo Res Pract. 11, 4 (2024).
Study examining allometric scaling of LV mass and geometry in athletes, providing sex-specific allometric exponents for scaling to BSA.
Yao GH, Chen XY, Zhang Q, et al. (2019)
A Novel Mathematical Model for Correcting the Physiologic Variance of Two-Dimensional Echocardiographic Measurements in Healthy Chinese Adults.
J Am Soc Echocardiogr. Jul;32(7):876-883.e11..
Study proposing a new mathematical model for correcting echocardiographic measurements in Chinese adults, providing reference values for LV mass and other parameters.
BSA Methods
Papers relate to BSA calculation formulas and their clinical applications.
DuBois D & DuBois EF (1916)
A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known
Archives of Internal Medicine. 17:863-871.
The classic paper introducing the DuBois formula for estimating body surface area, which remains widely used in clinical medicine and research.
Mosteller RD (1987)
Simplified calculation of body-surface area
N Engl J Med. .
Introduction of the simplified Mosteller formula for BSA calculation, which is easier to remember and calculate compared to the DuBois formula.
Livingston EH & Lee S (2001)
Body surface area prediction in normal-weight and obese patients
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. .
Study proposing a weight-based formula for BSA (BSA = 0.1173 × weight^0.6466), which may better account for BSA in patients with obesity.
Haycock GB, Schwartz GJ, Wisotsky DH. (1978)
Geometric method for measuring body surface area: a height-weight formula validated in infants, children, and adults
Pediatrics. .
Introduced a formula for estimating BSA in children, which is still used in pediatric practice.
Gehan EA & George SL (1970)
Estimation of body surface area from height and weight
Cancer Chemother Rep. .
Introduced a formula for estimating BSA based on height and weight, which is widely used in oncology.
Lean Body Mass
Publications on LBM estimation and its application in cardiac scaling.
Hume R (1966)
Prediction of lean body mass from height and weight
J Clin Pathol. Jul;19(4):389-91..
Classic paper introducing a formula for estimating lean body mass based on height and weight, still widely used in clinical and research settings.
Lee DH, Keum N, Hu FB, et al. (2017)
Development and validation of anthropometric prediction equations for lean body mass, fat mass and percent fat in adults using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2006
Br J Nutr. Nov;118(10):858-866.
Modern approach to LBM estimation accounting for ethnicity, age, height, and weight, with specific coefficients for different ethnic groups.
Yu, S., Visvanathan, T., Field, J. et al. (2013)
Lean body mass: the development and validation of prediction equations in healthy adults.
BMC Pharmacol Toxicol . Oct 14;14:53.
Study introducing an LBM formula with BMI adjustment which provides better estimates in patients with obesity.
Janmahasatian S, Duffull SB, Ash S, et al. (2005)
Quantification of lean bodyweight
Clin Pharmacokinet. 44(10):1051-65.
Introduced a formula for estimating fat-free mass using weight and BMI, which is considered equivalent to LBM in clinical settings.
Kuch B, Gneiting B, Döring A, et al. (2001)
Indexation of left ventricular mass in adults with a novel approximation for fat-free mass.
J Hypertens. Jan;19(1):135-42..
Derived a novel approximation formula of FFM that can be used for valid indexation of LV mass.
Boer P. (1984)
Estimated lean body mass as an index for normalization of body fluid volumes in humans.
Am J Physiol.. Oct;247(4 Pt 2):F632-6..
Developed lean body mass prediction equation as an index for normalization of body fluid volumes.